The invention of the pantograph marked a defining time in human development. Pantographs are used on the TGV, its peers and precursors. They enabled the development of widespread cost-effective fast electrified railway networks and in doing so facilitated the flourishing of socially cohesive Nation States. Look at France and Germany. Italy gets the idea. So does Spain but public life and wealth is different here. All basically publicly owned rail networks. The English invented the railway, but they are, well, English. At the time of the retirement of the "Flying Scotsman" there was no longer seen by the English to be a need for cohesion with Scotland and their railways are not up to the same standard. The Russians did the Trans-Siberian with the same thought but without pantographs, and see!
2,000 years ago there were City States - Nation States being a very recent development. For City States water supply was a critical service and dams and aqueducts the enabling technologies. This aqueduct and this dam are both 2,000 years old. Amazingly the dam has been in almost continuous service since it was built. They were built to serve Emeritus Merita (present day Merida).
The Romans were good.
The photo of the aqueduct was taken well before sunrise as I began what was to be a long and defining day in my journey.